Asaichi Tsushima's Book

At the McDowell House, we keep an ever-growing collection of reference books for use by our volunteers, staff, and outside researchers. In the midst of these tomes, you may come across an unassuming paperback book; a pale gray cover with bold black text that reads:

“Pre-WWII History of Japanese Pioneers in the Clearing and Development of Land in Bellevue by Asaichi Tsushima 1952”

Inside is a treasure trove of knowledge gathered from the Japanese community prior to WWII. Mr. Asaichi Tsushima worked to preserve the memories of Bellevue’s earliest Japanese pioneers for the future. He dedicated the book to the Nisei of Bellevue and sought to show them an honest glimpse into the joys and heartaches of their parents’ generation.

“The Japanese immigrants, your parents, courageously and tenaciously struggled and persevered against horrendous odds, clearing the acres and acres of virgin forest land for agricultural and residential use, and I believe the Isseis made significant contributions to the community’s rapid growth. ”

— Asaichi Tsushima

There are hand-drawn maps of the farms worked by the Japanese community, photos of the Clubhouse dedication, and chapters covering things like the Life of the Farmers and Education and Religion. Perhaps most importantly, Mr. Tsushima lists, by name and home prefecture, all the early Japanese pioneers. He includes as much biographical information he had for each one up to WWII and after incarceration. This has been a tremendous resource for EHC and other local community organizations researching the families and community that built Bellevue.

The book was translated in 1991 by Harriet (Yamagishi) Mihara, Alan Hideo and Chiye (Ito) Yabuki, and Rose (Yabuki) Matsushita. EHC is lucky to have multiple copies of this little book in our collection and we keep one available for research purposes.

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Asaichi Tsushima arrived in Bellevue in 1908 at the age of twenty from Okayama-ken, Japan. He worked on a farm as a laborer in the strawberry fields until the manager, Mr. Hirayama moved to Seattle in 1910. From there, he worked in an apple orchard and as a gardener for white neighbors while living in a tent on Clyde Hill.

Through an arranged marriage, his wife Nami Tsushima came from Japan to join him in 1912. Nami worked as a domestic worker for some of the wealthy families on Hunts Point.

Asaichi leased a small tract on Hunts Point in 1917. The family grew vegetables and sold them to other families nearby. Around the same time, the Tsushimas farmed property at Fairweather Bay with the Mizokawa and Muromoto families.

The Japanese community was growing rapidly at that time and so was the need for education for their children, the Nisei. A language school was established in 1921, but was forced to close. Anti-Japanese propaganda made claims that these Nisei children were being forced to swear loyalty to Japan and it’s emperor. Those suspicions have since proved to be false, but they were effective in stoking racist fears in Bellevue.

A second language school opened in 1925 and held classes in a Downey Hill Issei home until the community organized for a school building in Medina in 1929. Mr. Tsushima was the first teacher. In 1930, the Japanese Community Clubhouse was built and the two schools consolidated there. Language lessons were initially only offered on Saturdays, but later they would be offered every day for an hour after school.

In the early morning hours of December 8, 1941, three Bellevue Japanese community leaders were taken from their homes by the FBI. Asaichi Tsushima was one of them. Due to his popularity as a public speaker and his close ties to the language school, Mr. Tsushima was considered a security threat following the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He would spend the majority of the war years at a prison camp in New Mexico.

In 1942, Nami Tsushima and their daughter Michi were evacuated to Pinedale and Tule Lake, then to Minidoka. The Tsushima family returned to Bellevue in 1946. Mr. Tsushima worked on his book by taking down the remembrances of the Issei generation. He finished the book in 1952 and there was a limited publishing. He made special note to request the book never be sold.

Asaichi Tsushima returned to his birthplace in Japan and lived there until his death in 1969.

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Resources

Tsushima, Asaichi. Pre-WWII History of Japanese Pioneers in the Clearing and Development of Land in Bellevue. 1952.

Neiwert, David A. Strawberry Days: How Internment Destroyed a Japanese American Community. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Eastside Stories: The Matsuoka Family

Eastside Stories is our way of sharing Eastside history through the many events, people places and interesting bits of information that we collect at the Eastside Heritage Center. We hope you enjoy these stories and share them with friends and family.

In the early 1900s many families left Japan and traveled across the Pacific to the United States. These immigrants settled in areas like the Eastside and became integral parts of building the cities and towns we know today. One of them was the Matsuoka Family. Leaving Kumamoto-ken, a province on one of Japan’s most southern islands, Mr. and Mrs. Matsuoka brought their two sons, Takeo (Tom) and Yoshio (John) to Washington state in 1919 after briefly living in Hawaii.

Increased immigration around the time of the Matsuoka Family’s arrival had led to the passing of the Washington State Alien Land Law , which prevented immigrants from buying land in 1921. For this reason, the Matsuoka family leased land in Kent during the 1920s and 30s, first clearing away the large stumps that had been left by the timber companies in order to farm. This extremely difficult work was remembered vividly by both Takeo and Yoshio later in their lives. To remove the stumps that littered the area and develop it into farmland, they used only horses and dynamite. They dug holes under the stumps and dynamited them to hasten their removal. Historian Asaichi Tsushima estimates that many of the stumps Japanese-Americans pulled up were 4 and 5 feet in diameter, often taking almost a whole month to remove entirely.

Once this tremendous work was complete, the Matsuoka family tended 20 acres of vegetables, sustaining themselves through the depression with farming. Yoshio recalled in a 1997 interview that the depression didn’t hit farmers as hard as others because farmers were always struggling to make ends meet. Farming led the Japanese-Americans of the Eastside to work together with their neighbors and create the Strawberry Festival in 1925 which attracted over 3,000 people across the lake. The Matsuoka family were among the many farmers who donated large quantities of strawberries and other produce to this event.

Tom Matsuoka and his sons, Ty and Tats, outside of the Bellevue Vegetable Growers Association shed, a farmer run organization which Tom helped create in the 1930s.

In 1927, Takeo was also a crucial organizer of the Seinenkai (Youth Club) for the young men who were growing up in Bellevue so that they would have a place to gather. He was also among the group that built the Kokaido (Club House), completed in 1930 where men came together as a community for recreation and to celebrate their cultural heritage. Buddhist worship was held at the Kokaido so that citizens of Bellevue no longer had to travel to Seattle to practice their religion.

After their father was crushed by a horse in 1932 and died of related injuries in 1937, Takeo and Yoshio found employment where they could. Both sons continued to farm throughout their lives. Yoshio worked on a farm leased by an Issei (first generation Japanese-American) in Auburn, WA. Takeo farmed land owned by his brother-in-law Tokio Hirotaka at 124th street in the Midlakes area where the Safeway warehouse complex is now located.

Bellevue Grade School - Fifth Grade 1940 - 1941, just before World War II and the Matsuoka Family incarceration. Takeo (Tom) Matsuoka's son, Ty, is among the students in the second row from the top.

When the United States declared war on Japan in December 1941, Japanese-Americans were incarcerated across the nation. The Matsuoka family was taken along with all Issei and Nissei (second generation Japanese-American) citizens of King County to the Pinedale Assembly Center near Fresno, California. Overall 110,000 Japanese-Americans were taken to concentration camps across America’s Western States. Individuals were allowed only one suitcase, leaving behind their personal belongings and the farms they had worked so hard to make arable. Many lived until the end of the war with very little in prison camps. The Matsuoka family was once again saved some of this hardship by their excellent agricultural skills.

In 1942, Takeo went to the Chinook area and voluntarily worked in the beet fields in order to leave incarceration. Takeo and his wife chose to stay in Montana, returning once in 1946 and leaving again for the East. His son Ty did move back much later, in 1985.

Likewise, in 1943, Yoshio requested a transfer and was moved to Hunt, Idaho where he was required to get permission to work on a sugar beet farm. In 1944, Yoshio moved with his wife and daughter to Michigan for a work opportunity. They eventually returned to Washington towards the end of the 1940s for the birth of their second daughter.

In 1950, Yoshio leased the land which he occupied until he retired, becoming known for his ability to grow the best sweet corn on the Eastside. By 1997, Yoshio (John) Matsuoka was the last Japanese-American Farmer left in Bellevue, still working his farm and growing food. It is thanks to families like the Matsuokas that the Eastside was settled. They created the farmland which made our area a resource for Seattle and led to its future development. Theirs is just one story of many that the Eastside Heritage Center strives to preserve and share.

4 teenagers, with one adult, from Bellevue on their way to a Seattle baseball game at Columbia Playfield on the 4th of July in 1932. From left to right: Guy Matsuoka, Betty Sakaguchi, Mitsi (Shiraishi) Kawaguchi, Mrs. Kazue Matsuoka, Yuri Yamaguchi

The Matsuoka Cabin was moved to Larsen Lake in 1989. At the time it belonged to the Masunage Family. This photo shows the Masunaga Family along with this historical cabin. From left to right: Yeizo Masunaga, Yeizo's wife, and Mrs. Taki Masunaga.

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Our Mission To steward Eastside history by actively collecting, preserving, and interpreting documents and artifacts, and by promoting public involvement in and appreciation of this heritage through educational programming and community outreach.

Our Vision To be the leading organization that enhances community identity through the preservation and stewardship of the Eastside’s history.

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